grand duchy of tuscany army

A Tuscan-Spanish treaty that bound the two at the end of the Italian Wars demanded that Tuscany send 5,000 troops to the Spanish army if ever Lombardy or Naples was attacked. of the Secretaries of State, Travels of Francis I (as Francis Stephen became known) lived in Florence briefly with his wife, the Habsburg heiress Maria Theresa, who became Tuscany's grand duchess. Ministers Plenipotentiary Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson tried to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce between the two states. [29], Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Urban VIII in 1643. The representatives of the Grand However, Maximilian eventually confirmed the elevation with an Imperial diploma in 1576. Despite this, both countries appointed representatives and established diplomatic offices until 1860 when the Grand Duchy was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzo, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors. Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia captured Tuscany in its entirety, and held it for the duration of the conflict; Leopold fled Tuscany as a result. Under Grand Duke Cosimo II, 7 roundships carrying 1,800 soldiers were sent to the Mediterranean from 1609 to 1611. (sometimes spelled as Feliechy), who was stationed at Leghorn (Livorno) from [48], Leopold developed and supported many social and economic reforms. (Livorno) as early as 1794, thus obtaining official recognition [66], In 1631, the grand duke sent 7,000 troops (6,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry) to join Wallenstein's army in support of the Emperor during the Thirty Years War. On 1527, as the city of Rome itself was on siege, the Medici were deposed. The Medici were also bankers, and their company was one of the most . Vittoria della Rovere brought the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere into the family in 1631, upon her death in 1694, they passed to her younger son, Francesco Maria de' Medici. Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and his cousin King Philip II of Spain reacted quite angrily, as Florence was in theory an Imperial fief and declared Pius V's actions invalid. In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. Ferdinand I expanded the Tuscan fleet after expanding the arsenal at Livorno, and oversaw many raids by both the navy and Order, including on Chios in 1599 (a failure), Prevesa in 1605 (5 galleys with 400 Tuscan militia; a success), various Turkish ports in 1606 (6 galleys, some roundships, and 750 Tuscan soldiers; a success), and Bone in 1607 (8 galleys, 9 bertoni, and 1 galleon, with 2,300 soldiers; a success). Historical flags and coat of arms [ edit] State Flags 1545-1731 (Farnese) 1815-1847 Alternative History is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. (Livorno). Capital: Florence State Religion: Catholic Language(s): Italian, French Currency: Italian lira, French franc Government Type: Duchy Ideology: Religious Power . Cosimo was born in Florence on 12 June 1519, the son of the famous condottiere Ludovico de' Medici (known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere) and his wife Maria Salviati, herself a . St.Minias was Florence's first martyr on 250 C.E during Decius' anti-Christian persecutions. The Tuscan dialect of Italian became the standard Italian language. Parliament. He capitulated to foreign demands, and instead of endorsing the claim to the throne of his closest male relative, the prince of Ottajano, he allowed Tuscany to be bestowed upon Francis Stephen of Lorraine. The Senate, composed of forty-eight men, chosen by the constitutional reform commission, was vested with the prerogative of determining Florence's financial, security, and foreign policies. They were responsible of importing much of the Greek culture into Rome. The Great Depression didn't hit Tuscany as far as other Italian nations such as Venezia and Piedemont. Leopold also abolished capital punishment. From 1560 to 1609, the Tuscan fleet captured 76 galiots, 7 galleys, 2 large roundships, and 67 minor craft, taking 9,620 slaves and liberating 2,076 Christians. Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive Papal conclaves; elections which chose the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church. [41] Europe heard of the perils of Tuscany, and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor asserted a remote claim to the grand duchy (through some Medici descent), but died before he could press the matter. In 1613, Cosimo II sent 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, along with an undisclosed number of Tuscan adventurers, to aid the Spanish after Savoy launched an invasion of the Monferrato. Marie's father Stanisaw I of Poland ruled Lorraine as compensation for his loss of the Kingdom of Poland. During the reign of the Medici, which transformed the Republic of Florence into the Duchy of Florence and then the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Renainssance started. In the 10-hour battle, punctuated by cannon fire and boarding actions, 600 pirates were killed or captured and they lost 4 of the 5 ships (3 sunk, 1 captured), while the Italians lost 60 dead. Their union wrought a high level of discontentment, but despite the tension they had three children, Ferdinando, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine and the last Medicean grand duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. Whence these leagues arrived in Tuscany, a concerned Ferdinand requisitioned an Austrian garrison, from his brother Emperor Francis of Austria, for the defence of the state. They launched several big ships at Portoferraio after 1601, with an armament of 40 guns each yet only 60 seamen each. Franklin, John A lot of technology and development was brought there. The region was left to the Goths at the end of the Sixth Century, and later it was conquered by the Longobards, which designated Lucca as capital of the Duchy of Tuscia. An "Extraordinary Giunta" was placed in charge under General Jacques Franois Menou. A provisional republic was established in his stead. [12] Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and his cousin King Philip II of Spain reacted quite angrily, as Florence was in theory an Imperial fief and declared Pius V's actions invalid. Knight of the Golden Fleece. In 1535, a delegation was sent to Charles V to ask him to depose Alessandro De'Medici, sent by the several illustrious families such as the Pazzi, which had tried to kill Lorenzo the Magnificient on the Pazzi Conspiracy. Jefferson tried to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce Cosimo also . Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his feudal overlord, high dues. A modest plan to create a 5,000-strong Tuscan army under German officers was only semi-successful. The Order in 1604 counted among its fleet 6 galleys, 3 roundships/bertoni, 2 transports, 1 galleon, and 1 galleass, supplemented by other ships financed by corsairs flying the Tuscan banner. Grand Duchy of Tuscany. To be eligible, one had to be male and a noble. During his reign, Florence purchased the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa (in 1548), conquered Siena (in 1555) and developed a well-equipped and powerful naval base on Elba. By 1506, it numbered 20,000 men, of whom 70% carried pikes, 20% halberds/bills and hog-spears, and 10% either arquebuses or crossbows. After the destruction of the Lombard kingdom by Charlemagne, it became a county first, and then a march. During his reign, Florence purchased the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa (in 1548),[8] conquered Siena (in 1555)[9] and developed a well-equipped and powerful naval base on Elba. The grand duke also enticed English corsairs in North Africa to use Livorno as a base instead in exchange for amnesty and a share of their profits; Livorno quickly became a corsair capital, with the corsairs preying on both Muslim and Christian shipping. [37] The once powerful navy was reduced to a pitiful state. These measures, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions of his people and brought him into collision with the pope, were not successful. the duchy of Capistrano and Citta di Penna in the kingdom of Naples. It was only with Austrian assistance that Leopold could return to Florence. Italian nationalism exploded in the post-Napoleonic years, leading to the establishment of secret societies bent on a unified Italy. Originally, there was a Roman settlement on the areas of Florence, called Florentia, but it was destroyed in the civil war between Marius and Sila. After a short Civil War, the Medici were able to depose the Habsburg and place themselves on power again. "The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." The aftermath of the Franco-Austrian War brought about a series of Over time, the Medici acquired several territories, which included: the County of Pitigliano, purchased from the Orsini family in 1604; the County of Santa Fiora, acquired from the House of Sforza in 1633; Spain ceded Pontremoli in 1650, Silvia Piccolomini sold her estates, the Marquisate of Castiglione at the time of Cosimo I, Lordship of Pietra Santa, and the Duchy of Capistrano and the city of Penna in the Kingdom of Naples. France and Great Britain, on their last years, declared war on them. [19] To strengthen the new Tuscan alliance, he married the deceased Francesco's younger daughter, Marie, to Henry IV of France. Ferdinand aligned Tuscany with Austria. An "Extraordinary Giunta" was placed in charge under General Jacques Franois Menou. Ferdinand IV's hypothetical reign didn't last long; the House of Habsburg-Lorraine was formally deposed by the National Assembly on 16 August 1859. The proposal sank, and ultimately died with Cosimo in 1723. Ombrosi, who was under mandate from the U.S. consulate at Leghorn Cosimo I de'Medici became the first Medici ruler of the Republic of Tuscany in 1433, starting the illustrious royal family of de'Medici. Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after conquering the Republic of Siena, Cosimo I de' Medici, was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on August 27, 1569. The Holy League inflicted a crushing defeat against the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto. This constitution was still in effect through the Medicean grand duchy, albeit the institutions decayed and powerless by the rule of Ferdinando II. Franklin, Thomas These are: Tuscany also has the Capital District of Florence. On 1569, Cosimo de'Medici was further elevated into the Grand Dux of Tuscany. Like the Empire's other loyal Italian subjects, the Tuscans were "hawks" who supported prosecuting the war to its conclusion. His mother and grandmother arranged a marriage with Vittoria della Rovere, a granddaughter of the Duke of Urbino, in 1634. would be welcomed in ports around the world. NATO on blue, Warsaw Pact on red, gray is disputed. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The constitution was revoked in 1852. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, "Cosimo I | duke of Florence and Tuscany [15191574]", "COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana in "Dizionario Biografico", "Leopold II (holy Roman emperor) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", "Leopold II (grand duke of Tuscany) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", Bandiere degli Stati italiani preunitari: Toscana, Parliamentary papers, Volume 16 By the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Smallpox vaccination was made systematically available (Leopold's mother Maria Theresa had been a huge supporter on inoculation against smallpox), and an early institution for the rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents was founded. Routledge: 1997. [54] The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. For the decades thereafter, the grand dukes only maintained a peacetime force of 2,500 soldiers, 500 cavalry to patrol the coasts and 2,000 infantry to man castles (Cosimo I having significantly expanded Tuscany's fortification network in an effort to defend the country). Page 102. The said revolution toppled the throne of France, and caused disarray across Europe. List of Prime Ministers of the United States of America (A United Kingdom of Scandinavia), Atheism, Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism. The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. United States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. He was then tortured and executed by Fiorentine functionaries, and killed on May 1498. Status of the, Quarterly On 1939, the Axis (Piedemont, Venezia, United Papal States, Naples, Emirate of Sicily, Germany) declared war on Poland. [10] Cosimo also was a long-term supporter of Pope Pius V, who in the light of Florence's expansion in August 1569 declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title unprecedented in Italy. Tuscany then ceded its Lunigiana territories to Modena with the exception of Pontremoli which passed to the Duchy of Parma. Gregory Hanlon. Since their accession to the throne of Grand Dukes, the Habsburgs continually tried to make Tuscany a source of military power, to little success, as Tuscany had declined and demilitarized in the 18th century. Married Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (1745 - 1792) daughter of Charles III (1716 - 1788) King of Spain. Although the artistic development on Tuscany became less and less, Tuscany started becoming more and more powerful. House of Commons , The Papal Bull that created the Grand Duchy, Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia), Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany&oldid=1133636430, States and territories established in 1569, States and territories established in 1814, States and territories established in 1859, States and territories disestablished in 1801, States and territories disestablished in 1859, States and territories disestablished in 1860, 1569 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1801 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1815 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1859 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Articles containing Italian-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 14 January 2023, at 20:19. [31] The economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places. On the late 1700s and early 1800s the Medici and later the Habsburg dynasty on Tuscany weakened. The Medici family moved to the Palazzo Pitti on 1560. Leopold attempted to secularize the property of the religious houses or to put the clergy entirely under the control of the government. Capital: Florence Continent: Europe Official Languages: Italian Established: 1569 AD/CE Disestablished: 1860 AD/CE History: In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. They launched several big ships at Portoferraio after 1601, with an armament of 40 guns each yet only 60 seamen each. Coat of Arms (1562-1737) House of Habsburg-Lorraine. He and his grandson, Lorenzo de'Medici, were great patrons of the arts. Francis did not live in his Tuscan realm, and lived in the capital of his wife's realm, Vienna. Christina heavily relied on priests as advisors, lifting Cosimo I's ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and promoted monasticism. family of Piedmont-Sardinia as the new ruling monarchs of Italy. This led to a regency of Ferdinand's grandmother, Dowager Grand Duchess Christina, and his mother, Maria Maddalena of Austria. The duchy was restored to Bourbon rule in 1847, after which it was formally abolished and integrated into a new Italian state. It lists some 238 vessels captured from 1563 to 1688; enemy galleys captured from 1568 to 1599 were 11 (for the loss of an identical number), and another 17 were seized between 1602 and 1635. Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after conquering the . In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. The Peace of Villafranca allowed Leopold to return once more. However, it had remained within NATO with the hope of getting territories from the until-then richest nation of Italy, Lombardy. Benito Mussolini was made Chief of the Congress, and he conceded much more power to the Dux of Tuscany. Tuscany was divided into the dpartements of Arno, Mditerrane and Ombrone. When Cosimo died, his oldest son, Ferdinando, was still a minor. The preponderance of small vessels among the prizes indicates that most of the trophies were easy victories. [44] The proposal sank, and ultimately died with Cosimo in 1723. [30] The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. Leopold was succeeded by Ferdinand III. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. (Livorno), John On July9 1737, Gian Gastone died; the last male Medici of the Grand Ducal line. Like the Empire's other loyal Italian subjects, the Tuscans were "hawks" who supported prosecuting the war to its conclusion. Tagliaferri, whose exequatur as Consul at New York was signed Francis Stephen altered the laws of succession in 1763, when he declared his second son, Leopold, heir to the grand duchy. [19] Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan colony in America, with the intention of establishing a Tuscan settlement in the area of what is now French Guiana. 8 of them around 1610 floated a total of 200 guns. Ombrosi was accredited on May 15, 1819. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1815 to 1847. From 1553 to 1559, Tuscany raised 30,000 troops for their participation in the Last Italian War, which saw the Republic of Siena being added to the duchy. The administrative structure of the grand duchy itself would see little change under FrancisI. Transl. [38], Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his feudal overlord, high dues. "[7], Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. An anonymous Venetian intelligence report from the late 16th century stated that Tuscany could spend 800,000 ducats annually on war (half as much as the Spanish-held Kingdom of Naples despite having a quarter of its population), and could raise 40,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, counting soldiers, militia, and mercenaries from nearby Corsica and Romagna, a force massively out of proportion to its population. agreement ground to a halt, for reasons unknown. Index, Leghorn Florence became a fiefdom of Spain on 1557, but it conserved its independence. A modest plan to create a 5,000-strong Tuscan army under German officers was only semi-successful. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan colony in America, with the intention of establishing a Tuscan settlement in the area of what is now French Guiana. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (or Granducato di Toscana in Italian) was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence. Queen Catherine of France, though herself a Medici, viewed Cosimo with the utmost disdain. This was used both for the protection of towns and fortresses that the army was not able to garrison, and as a reserve from which semi-trained men would be drawn into the army. Tuscany, although part of NATO, was of center-left tendencies. Despite his attempts at acquiescence, street fighting in opposition to the regime sprang up in August, in Livorno. Since their accession to the throne of Grand Dukes, the Habsburgs continually tried to make Tuscany a source of military power, to little success, as Tuscany had declined and demilitarized in the 18th century. The Tuscans despised the new occupying "Lorrainers", as they interfered with the Tuscan government, while the occupying Spaniards had not done so. high probability that the Grand Duke would refuse to receive him in Florence In 1613, Cosimo II sent 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, along with an undisclosed number of Tuscan adventurers, to aid the Spanish after Savoy launched an invasion of the Monferrato. Diplomatic Couriers, Guide to Country Recognition and According to State Magazine, "Ombrosi improvised as a 'Black Market Consul,' living outside the medieval walls and setting up shop at a cafe to provide services." Ferdinand aligned Tuscany with Austria.[54]. In February 1849, Leopold II had to abandon Tuscany to Republicans and sought refuge in the Neapolitan city of Gaeta. [73], In 1686, Tuscany sent 4 galleys, 4 galiots, and 2 other vessels carrying 870 soldiers to participate in the Morean War (a battalion of 400 Tuscans were already serving there). On 22 March 1860, after a referendum that voted overwhelmingly (95%[7]) in favour of a union with Sardinia; Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia. The U.S. established a consular Leopold himself died in 1792. Francis' second surviving son Peter Leopold became grand duke of Tuscany and ruled the country until his brother Joseph's death. Yves-Marie Berce figures that most of those troops were of French or Swiss origin, but Hanlon disputes this, saying that Italians comprised a larger portion, and that the specific origins of the troops have very little information to go on. Leopold's concept of this was based on respect for the political rights of citizens and on a harmony of power between the executive and the legislative. The Florentines were victorious because of the Venecian interference in the pro-Florentine side. [45] In 1731, the Powers gathered at Vienna to decide who would succeed Gian Gastone. Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. Login Store Home Discovery Queue Wishlist Points Shop News Stats The fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy. Cosimo II's twelve-year reign was punctuated by his contented marriage with Maria Maddalena and his patronage of astronomer Galileo Galilei. Etruria lasted less than a decade. The earliest of such attempts was in 1784 when U.S. When Cosimo died, his oldest son, Ferdinando, was still a minor. Every grand duke after Leopold resided in Florence; they were considered to be pro-Habsburg. The grand duke also enticed English corsairs in North Africa to use Livorno as a base instead in exchange for amnesty and a share of their profits; Livorno quickly became a corsair capital, with the corsairs preying on both Muslim and Christian shipping. Like his uncle, Francesco I, government held no appeal for him, and Tuscany was ruled by his ministers. This was used both for the protection of towns and fortresses that the army was not able to garrison, and as a reserve from which semi-trained men would be drawn into the army. Cosimo III's reign was characterised by drastic changes and a sharp decline of the Grand Duchy. Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. In Leopold's years Italy was engulfed in popular rebellion, culminating in the Revolutions of 1848. The constitution was revoked in 1852. Soderini supplanted him, and his secretary Niccol Machiavelli, previous author of other books under Lorenzo the Magnificent's reign, was able to conquer Pisa. Cosimo came to power at 17, when the 26-year-old Duke, Alessandro de' Medici, was assassinated in 1537 . In Tuscany, Leopold II sanctioned a liberal constitution; and instituted a liberal ministry. Duchy of Tuscany in the United States continued to be consular officers. [23] Ferdinando's pro-Papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. [30] The exchequer was barely adequate to cover the state's current expenditure, resulting in a complete termination of banking operations for the Medici. U.S. Consular agent Philip Felicchi was appointed on May All unauthorized edits may be reverted on the admin's discretion. He was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849, but restored to power the same year by Austrian troops. Leopold felt obliged to espouse Austria's cause. of State, World War I and the The administration of the state was delegated to bureaucrats. Allies on blue, Axis on red. Volume I: from the Grand Duchy; yet, full diplomatic relations were never established Mora, G. (1959) Vincenzo Chiarugi (17591820) and his psychiatric reform in Florence in the late 18th century (on the occasion of the bi-centenary of his birth). F. Mansony, G.B. Torture was also banned. They were divided because the stato nuovo was a Spanish fief and the stato vecchio an Imperial one. It peaked under Cosimo III. The annual revenue . The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Italian: Granducato di Toscana; Latin: Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. Among the commanders of the detachment were three of the grand duke's brothers; two died and one, Mattias de'Medici, became general of artillery and served for a decade. Grand Duchy of TuscanyUnited States relations, Kingdom of the Two SiciliesUnited States relations, Kingdom of SardiniaUnited States relations, Republic of GenoaUnited States relations, "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "Consulate General Florence celebrates diplomatic bicentennial", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_TuscanyUnited_States_relations&oldid=1108690109, Infobox bilateral relations usage without maps, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 September 2022, at 19:44. Tuscany passed to another son, Leopold,[48] through secundogeniture. In 1643, during the Castro War, the Tuscan army was between 5,000 and 10,000 good troops, including foreign mercenaries but not including militia. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 18017). As it was the most progressive and tolerant nation on Italy, many scientists, artists and other famous people such as the famous royalist Benito Mussolini, the inventor of nuclear energy Enrico Fermi, and other. Once it became In their golden age, they were able to dominate Latio, Mantua, and the north-eastern coast of the Italian Peninsula. And ruled the country until his brother Joseph 's death, Lorenzo de'Medici were... 'S ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and then a.... Be eligible, one had to abandon Tuscany to Republicans and sought in... The exception of Pontremoli which passed to another son, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, de... Chief of the Grand Dux of Tuscany and ruled the country until his brother Joseph 's death the Duchy... Of Austria. 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